國際計量局主席致辭2016年世界計量日＿動態世界中的計量

　　日前，國際計量局主席致辭2016年世界計量日，2016年世界計量日主題為“動態世界中的計量”，本文附中文翻譯和英文原版供大家參考。

　　作為一名機械工程師，我腦海里第一個想到是動力學是應用物理學的一個分支，特別在經典力學領域中，關于力和扭矩及其對運動影響的研究方面。動力學的研究分兩類：線性的(如力、質量/慣性,位移,速度,加速度和動量)和旋轉(如轉矩、慣性矩、轉動慣量、角位移、角速度、角加速度和角動量)。通常，物體同時參與線性和旋轉運動。

　　許多儀器在“動態”法制計量學中被應用，舉例說明：

　　自動稱重儀器：可以對運動物體進行稱重的儀器；

　　電表：測量電子的流動的儀器；

　　各種類型的儀器：測量水流量的各種儀器；

　　及其他各種液體流量、氣體流量和計價器。

　　然而在英語中，“動態”一詞不僅與運動有關，也與變化有關。

　　一個運用在多種不同科學(如計量)和工程學科中的例子可以突顯這個連續性的和富有成效的“變化”，那就是太空旅行。1903年12月17日，萊特兄弟研制出第一架可控制的，具備持續自動推進功能的飛機。1957年10月4日，蘇聯將人造衛星1號送入軌道，這是地球的第一顆人造衛星。1969年7月20日，在美國的阿波羅11號任務中實現了第一次載人登月。1998年，國際空間站(ISS)的第一個組件，或居住的人造衛星，投入低地球軌道。2012年，NASA的好奇號探測器成功登陸并對火星進行探索。最近，2014年11月，歐洲航天局的羅塞塔任務讓菲萊探測器著陸在彗星上。

　　計量領域發生了巨大的變化，有關某些國際標準單位的定義工作，諸如對于千克的新的定義已接近完成。為其他國際標準單位作出定義而改進設備的研究持續獲得成功。

　　計量學如人類文明一樣古老，它還在繼續不斷的變化，還能看到它在加速變化，它仍然是動態的。參與到被我們稱之為“計量”的工作的時刻是非常令人著迷的。

　　當我們回顧第二十一個世紀的快速變化時，我們可能會說，“唯一不變的就是變化本身”。對于計量工作的需要，以及如何滿足這種需求，對于任何人來說都毫無例外。而將一個穩定可靠和精準的測量系統所帶來的便利應用于動態的世界無疑是一種挑戰。

　　眾多新技術的運用滿足了許多社會需求，從本質上講，這是通過穩定和準確的計量才得以實現的。無論是在一個高速運轉的磁盤驅動器中，還是在電網中可再生能源的供應和需求變化方面，或是推動環境改善和提高航空航天工業的燃油效率方面，準確掌握動態量對應用高技術取得進展是至關重要的。動態數量也在現有工業中扮演越來越重要的角色，如火車和卡車的動態稱重和對汽車輪胎與發動機的震動與影響的監測。

　　這類動態計量的運用帶來了特別的挑戰。在日常應用中，將高度準確的、長期穩定的標準同動態原位計量技術結合起來是比較困難的，其本身就需要偉大的創新。

　　想要讓我們的計量能力適用于動態的世界還需要其他措施。對于“2018再定義計劃”來說，對國際單位制(SI)的未來需求將是一個關鍵驅動力。這種變化將確保更大的全球普遍性的測量系統會帶來更多益處,并且在未來科學和技術革新中創造新的機遇。

　　我們需要動態的組織中處于動態的人們來化解動態世界中的計量問題。

　　As a mechanical engineer, the first thought that comes to my mind is that dynamics is a branch of applied physics, specifically the field of classical mechanics which is concerned with the study of forces and torques and their effect on motion. The study of dynamics falls under two categories: linear (quantities such as force, mass/inertia, displacement, velocity, acceleration and momentum) and rotational (quantities such as torque, moment of inertia/rotational inertia, angular displacement, angular velocity, angular acceleration and angular momentum). Very often, objects exhibit both linear and rotational motion.

　　Numerous instruments are utilized in “dynamic” legal metrology; some examples are:

　　automatic weighing instruments, which can weigh items while in motion;

　　electricity meters, which measure of the flow of electrons;

　　various types of instruments that measure the flow of water;

　　the flow of various other liquids and gases, and taximeters.

　　In English, however, the word “dynamic” relates not only to motion but also to change.

　　One example that highlights this continuous and productive change which encompasses many different sciences (including metrology) and engineering disciplines is space travel. On December 17, 1903 the Wright brothers made the first controlled, self-powered sustained flight. On October 4, 1957, the USSR placed in orbit the Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite of Earth. On July 20, 1969, the first manned lunar landing was achieved by the United States’ Apollo 11 mission. In 1998 the first components of the International Space Station (ISS), or habitable artificial satellite, were put into low Earth orbit. In 2012, NASA’s Curiosity succeeded in landing on and exploring Mars. More recently in November 2014 the ESA’s Rosetta mission landed its Philae probe on a comet.

　　In the metrology community we are now seeing significant changes related to the definition of certain SI units as work on the new definition of the kilogram nears completion. Research continues to be successful in refining values and equipment used in the definition and the mise en pratique of other SI units.

　　While metrology, the science of measurement, is as old as human civilization it continues to constantly change; it continues to see forward acceleration and it continues to be dynamic. It is truly a fascinating time to be a part of this very dynamic work that we call “metrology”.

　　When we reflect on the rapid pace of change in the 21st century, we may say that “the only thing that is constant is change itself”. The needs for metrology, and how these needs are met, are no exceptions; it is a challenge to bring the benefits of a stable and accurate measurement system to a dynamic world.

　　Many of the needs of society are met by new technologies, and it is essential that stable and accurate measurements are available to underpin them.

　　The accurate knowledge of dynamic quantities is pivotal to progress in high technology whether it is the high-speed movements in a disk drive, the variations in supply and demand from renewable energy sources on electricity grids, or the drive for environmental improvement and fuel efficiency in the aerospace industry. Dynamic quantities also play an increasing role in established industries, such as the dynamic weighing of trains and trucks, and the monitoring of vibration and impact arising from the tyres and engines of cars.

　　These applications of dynamic measurement bring particular challenges. Linking highly accurate long-term stable standards to dynamic in situ measurements in everyday applications is difficult and itself requires great innovation.

Adapting our measurement capabilities to a dynamic world requires other steps too. The need to ‘future proof’ the International System of Units (the SI) is one of the key drivers for the redefinition planned for 2018. The changes will ensure the benefits of greater universality of the world’s measurement system, and open new opportunities for scientific and technological advances in the future.

　　We all need dynamic people in dynamic organisations to address the challenges of measurement in a dynamic world.